Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide(NAD+)

Basic Information

• Name:Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide,abbreviated as NAD or NAD+,formerly known as diphosphopyridine nucleotide(DPN),dehydrogenase I,or oxidized coenzyme I.

• Properties:NAD+is a coenzyme that transfers electrons(more accurately,hydrogen ions)and is involved in many metabolic reactions within cells.NADH is its reduced form.In terms of light absorption,NADH has absorption peaks at 260nm and 340nm,while NAD+has only one absorption peak at 260nm,which is an important basis for distinguishing between the two.The molar absorption coefficient of NAD+at 260nm is 1.78×10^4 L/(mol·cm),and that of NADH at 340nm is 6.2×10^4 L/(mol·cm).Its CAS number is 53-84-9,and its aqueous solution has a pH of 3.0(50mg/mL).NAD+can be stably stored in the form of a dry powder at 2–8℃.When stored as a 10mg/mL aqueous solution at 2–8℃,it retains 99%of its NAD+content after four weeks.

Application Fields

• Biocatalytic Coenzyme:NAD+is an indispensable coenzyme in modern biocatalytic technology,used to simulate metabolic reactions within living organisms.For example,enzymes such as leucine dehydrogenase,formamidase dehydrogenase,and glucose dehydrogenase all require the participation of NAD+to complete the reaction.

• Health Impact:In mammals,the concentration of NAD+is stable and maintains normal cellular functions.As age increases,the content of NAD+in human tissues decreases,leading to a decline in cellular metabolic activity,energy crisis,reduced antioxidant capacity,and accelerated cellular aging.Exogenous supplementation of NAD+is considered an effective treatment method.Elysium Health,in cooperation with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,has developed a compound that can extend the lifespan of mice and worms.The main component of this compound is nicotinamide riboside,a precursor of NAD+,which is marketed as a dietary supplement.

• Cosmetics:In 2016,Shenzhen Fumei No.1 Biotechnology Co.,Ltd.(a member enterprise of Bontai Bioengineering)combined NAD+with cosmetics and launched a mid-to-high-end anti-aging and beautifying skincare product called"Fumei No.1"suitable for oriental women.This product,with NAD+as the main ingredient and combined with other plant extracts,has functions such as hydration,moisturizing,and anti-aging,representing a breakthrough attempt of biotechnology in the field of cosmetic skincare.

Preparation Methods

• Traditional Fermentation Method:NAD+is synthesized through yeast fermentation.Using glucose,yeast extract,peptone,ammonium sulfate,and other ingredients as the culture medium,yeast is obtained through fermentation,and then NAD+is separated and extracted through processes such as cell disruption.Due to the low yield of NAD+in the fermentation tank,the market price of NAD+is relatively high.Japan has improved the fermentation process and reduced the price of NAD+to 7,000–8,000 yuan per kilogram.In addition,Hefei Pingguang Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd.has developed a new fermentation method using apple snails and cassava as raw materials,with an NAD+accumulation of 4.5–6.5g/L,suitable for industrial production.

• Biocatalytic Method:Using nicotinamide riboside(synthesized chemically)and ATP as substrates,NAD+is synthesized under the action of nicotinamide riboside kinase(NRK)and nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase(NMN-AT).Currently,companies such as Shangke,Hanmei,and Bontai have the capability to produce NAD+on a large scale.Bontai Bio plans to build a factory with an annual output of 1.5 tons,mainly targeting the domestic market,and will expand production to 15 tons within three years by building a second factory,targeting the international market.

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